这是一篇加拿大计算机专业论文代写：The use of Computer Algebraic Systems in Game The。艾奇沃思模型的解释只描述了两个卖家的市场不稳定。哈罗德·霍特林在1929年对这种观点提出了质疑他认为:价格或产出不稳定不是寡头垄断的一个基本特征。
经济学在研究市场结构对资源配置效率的影响时，根据市场的不同，每一个企业都会影响其产品的价格，将市场分为完全竞争市场和不完全竞争市场、垄断市场。网络经济对传统经济中的垄断和竞争概念赋予了新的意义。在网络经济中，竞争将导致垄断的出现。垄断的出现不能消除竞争状态。在网络经济中，产品的高固定成本、低边际成本、正反馈机制、高转移成本和“锁定”效应成为垄断因素。同时，网络经济中的垄断状况也不稳定。创新也是网络经济的特点。因此，竞争无处不在并加剧。网络经济趋向于垄断市场的主要原因有：网络产品的内在特性。其特点包括：网络产品的规模经济性、网络产品的外部性、网络产品的锁定效应和网络产品的标准化、网络产品的版权保护以及网络经济中的并购。在过去的几十年中，空间模型一直受到经济学家的关注。电视广播时间或公共汽车/飞机时刻表提供了一个UHM的例子。在时间表游戏中，如上例所示，相对于理想时间，消费者可能更愿意等待一段时间，而不是提前到达以获得服务。从以上分析可以看出，产品差异化会降低市场需求的价格弹性。在相同的质量条件下，同类产品之间的差异越大，市场需求的价格弹性越小，企业调整价格的空间越大。企业所采取的产品价格策略实际上是一种市场壁垒形式，从而获得竞争策略。为了同时满足差异化消费者的需求，发挥一套防范竞争对手或潜在竞争对手的障碍。另一方面，产品差异化会削弱价格竞争的强度。同类产品差异化程度越高，如产品销售区域定位价值差异越大，买方对产品的主观偏好程度越高，此时买方承担的流动成本越大，而市场价格对消费者需求的影响越小。呃。因此，企业降价吸引消费者的意义不大。在以上的霍特林线细分模型中，我们要对产品的销售区域和品牌进行差异化的讨论。除上述两个区别特征外，产品还具有产品质量、产品外观、包装、市场形象、兼容性等诸多区别特征。将这些特征引入到热椭圆线段模型中进行分析，可以得到相同的结论。The explanations of the Edgeworth model describe the instability in the market for only two sellers.Harold Hotelling challenged this view in 1929;he argued that price or output instability was not an essential feature of an oligopoly.Economics in the study of market structure on the efficiency of resource allocation,according to the market each enterprise can affect the price of their products,the market is divided into a fully competitive market and imperfect competitive market,monopoly market.The network economy has given new meaning to the concept of monopoly and competition in the traditional economy.In the network economy,competition will lead to the emergence of monopoly.The emergence of monopoly cannot eliminate the state of competition.In the network economy,the characteristics of high fixed cost,low marginal cost,positive feedback mechanism,high transfer cost and"lock"effect of the products become the factors of monopoly.At the same time,the monopoly situation in the network economy is unstable.Innovation is also the characteristics of the network economy.As a result,competition is ubiquitous and intensified.The network economy tends to monopolize the market mainly in the following reasons:the inherent characteristics of network products.Its characteristics include:the economies of scale of network products,the externalities of network products,the locking effect of network products and the standardization of network products,copyright protection of network products and mergers and acquisitions in the network economy.The spatial model has received sustained attention from economists over the past few decades.An example of UHM is provided by a television broadcast time or a bus/air schedule.In a timetable game,as in the example above,consumers may be more likely to wait for a period of time relative to the ideal time,rather than earlier arriving to get the service.From the above analysis,we can see that product differentiation will reduce the price elasticity of market demand.Under the same quality conditions,the greater the difference between similar products,the smaller the price elasticity of market demand,the greater the room for enterprises to adjust the price.The product price strategy taken by enterprises is actually a form of market barriers,so as to obtain competitive strategy.To meet the needs of differentiated consumers at the same time,play a set to prevent competitors or potential competitors obstacles.On the other hand,product differentiation will weaken the intensity of price competition.The higher the degree of differentiation of similar products,such as product sales area positioning value of the difference between the greater,the buyer of the product the higher the degree of subjective preferences,at this point the buyer to bear the greater the cost of mobility,while the impact of market prices on consumer demand,the smaller.Therefore,enterprises reduce the price to attract consumers to the less meaningful.In the above Hotelling line segment model,we are to product sales area and brand to discuss the problem of differentiation.In addition to the above two differentiated features,the product also has product quality,product appearance,packaging,market image,compatibility and many other differentiated features.The same conclusion can be obtained if these features are incorporated into the Hotelling line segment model for analysis.
Suppose a linear market with length 1.Consumers in the market evenly distributed.Let x∈[0,1]denote the location of each consumer.There are two companies,Company A and Company B,whose locations are identified by a and b,respectively.Let us use A to denote the firms in the equilibrium on the left and B the firms on the right.I leave the traditional two-way Hotelling model,assuming that each company can only sell to its left in the consumer.Each firm is produced at a fixed marginal cost,normalized to zero.The fixed cost is zero,but the firm pays the transportation costs and moves the goods from the factory to the consumer(Eaton&Tweedle,2012).It is reasonable to hypothesis costs and others of linear transportation.That is to say,in order to deliver one unit of product from plant a(accordingly b)to consumer x,company A(or B)pays the transportation cost equal to:t|ax|(corresponding t|bx|.Where t is the(strictly positive)unit transportation cost.The company sets the price for a particular location in the Bertrand game,and sets the number of specific places in the Cournot game.Thus,the inverse demand function is:px=1-Qx,where Qx is the total amount provided by the firm at position x Qx≡q A(.)+q B(.)).I assume that t≤12:This condition guarantees that there is no local monopoly in the area where both firms can serve,and that none of the locations have a positive amount in the equilibrium.This hypothesis is the standard in the literature on space price discrimination.
In a two-stage game where there is a balance of positions where the company simultaneously selects where to locate,the second stage also selects the price table 4.In this section and below,the sub-game Nash equilibrium concept is used to solve the game(Biscaia&Mota,2013).
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